QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE STUDY MATERIAL ON HCF & LCM FOR IBPS PO CLERK SPECIALIST OFFICER & SSC CGL EXAMS BY TSA 09874581055
What
is highest common factor (HCF) and least common multiple (LCM)? How do you
calculate HCF and LCM of two or more numbers? Are you looking for problems on
HCF and LCM? This chapter will answer all these questions.
HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)
The largest number that divides
two or more given numbers is called the highest common factor (HCF) of those
numbers. There are two methods to find HCF of the given numbers:
Prime Factorization Method- When a number is written as the product of prime numbers,
the factorization is called the prime factorization of that number. For
example, 72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 23 × 32
To find the HCF of given
numbers by this method, we perform the prime factorization of all the numbers
and then check for the common prime
factors. For every prime factor common to all the numbers, we choose the least
index of that prime factor among the given number. The HCF is product of all
such prime factors with their respective least indices.
EXAMPLE
Find the HCF of 72, 288,
and 1080
Answer:
72 = 23 × 32,
288 = 25 × 32,
1080 = 23 × 33 × 5
Answer:
72 = 23 × 32,
288 = 25 × 32,
1080 = 23 × 33 × 5
The
prime factors common to all the numbers are 2 and 3. The lowest indices of 2 and
3 in the given numbers are 3 and 2 respectively.
Hence, HCF = 23 × 32 = 72.
Hence, HCF = 23 × 32 = 72.
Find the HCF of 36x3y2
and 24x4y.
Answer:
36x3y2 = 22 × 32 × x3 × y2
24x4y = 23 × 3 × x4 × y.
Answer:
36x3y2 = 22 × 32 × x3 × y2
24x4y = 23 × 3 × x4 × y.
The least index of 2, 3, x and y in the
numbers are 2, 1, 3 and 1 respectively.
Hence the HCF = 22 × 3 × x2 × y = 12x2y.
Hence the HCF = 22 × 3 × x2 × y = 12x2y.
Division method- To find HCF of two numbers by division method, we
divide the higher number by the lower number. Then we divide the lower number
by the first remainder, the first remainder by the second remainder... and so
on, till the remainder is 0. The last divisor is the required HCF.
EXAMPLE
Find the HCF of 288 and
1080 by the division method.
Answer:
Hence, the last
divisor 72 is the HCF of 288 and 1080.
CONCEPT OF CO-PRIME NUMBERS: Two
numbers are co-prime to each other if they have no common factor except 1. For
example, 15 and 32, 16 and 5, 8 and 27 are the pairs of co-prime numbers. If
the HCF of two numbers N1 and N2 be H, then, the numbers
left after dividing N1 and N2 by H are co-prime to each other.
Therefore, if the HCF of two
numbers be A, the numbers can be written as Ax and Ay, where x and y will be
co-prime to each other.
SOLVED PROBLEMS ON HCF
Three company of
soldiers containing 120, 192, and 144 soldiers are to be broken down into
smaller groups such that each group contains soldiers from one company only and
all the groups have equal number of soldiers. What is the least number of total
groups formed?
Answer:
The least number of groups will be formed when each group has number of
soldiers equal to the HCF. The HCF of 120, 192 and 144 is 24. Therefore, the
numbers of groups formed for the three companies will be 5, 8, and 6, respectively.
Therefore, the least number of total groups formed = 5 + 8 + 6 = 19.
The
numbers 2604, 1020 and 4812 when divided by a number N give the same remainder
of 12. Find the highest such number N.
Answer: Since all the numbers
give a remainder of 12 when divided by N, hence (2604 - 12), (1020 - 12) and
(4812 - 12) are all divisible by N. Hence, N is the HCF of 2592, 1008 and 4800.
Now 2592 = 25 × 34,
1008 = 24 × 32 × 7 and 4800 = 26 × 3 × 52.
Hence, the number N = HCF = 24 × 3 = 48.
The
numbers 400, 536 and 645, when divided by a number N, give the remainders of
22, 23 and 24 respectively. Find the greatest such number N.
Answer: N will be the HCF of
(400 - 22), (536 - 23) and (645 - 24). Hence, N will be the HCF of 378, 513 and
621. --> N = 27.
The HCF
of two numbers is 12 and their sum is 288. How many pairs of such numbers are
possible?
Answer: If the HCF if 12, the
numbers can be written as 12x and 12y, where x and y are co-prime to each
other. Therefore, 12x + 12y = 288 --> x + y =
24.
The pair of numbers that are
co-prime to each other and sum up to 24 are (1, 23), (5, 19), (7, 17) and (11,
13). Hence, only four pairs of such numbers are possible. The numbers are (12,
276), (60, 228), (84, 204) and (132, 156).
The HCF of two numbers is
12 and their product is 31104. How many such numbers are possible?
Answer:
Let the numbers be 12x and 12y, where x and y are co-prime to each other.
Therefore, 12x × 12y = 31104 --> xy = 216. Now we need to find
co-prime pairs whose product is 216.
216 =
23 × 33. Therefore, the co-prime pairs will
be (1, 216) and (8, 27). Therefore, only two such numbers are possible.
LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the
lowest number which is divisible by all the given numbers.
To calculate the LCM of two or more numbers, we use the
following two methods:
Prime Factorization Method: After
performing the prime factorization of the numbers, i.e. breaking the numbers
into product of prime numbers, we find the highest index, among the given
numbers, of all the prime numbers. The LCM is the product of all these prime
numbers with their respective highest indices.
EXAMPLE
Find the
LCM of 72, 288 and 1080.
Answer: 72 = 23 × 32, 288 = 25 × 32, 1080 = 23 × 33 × 5
The
prime numbers present are 2, 3 and 5. The highest indices (powers) of 2, 3 and 5
are 5, 3 and 1, respectively.
Hence the LCM = 25 × 33 × 5 = 4320.
Find the LCM of 36x3y2
and 24x4y.
Answer: 36x3y2 = 22 × 32 × x3 × y2
24x4y = 23 × 3 × x4 × y.
The highest indices of 2, 3, x and y are 3, 2, 4 and 2 respectively.
Hence, the LCM = 23 × 32 × x4 × y2 = 72x4y2.
The highest indices of 2, 3, x and y are 3, 2, 4 and 2 respectively.
Hence, the LCM = 23 × 32 × x4 × y2 = 72x4y2.
Division Method: To find the LCM of 72, 196 and
240, we use the division method in the following way:
L.C.M. of the given numbers = product of divisors and the
remaining numbers
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 10 × 49 = 72 × 10 × 49 = 35280.
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 10 × 49 = 72 × 10 × 49 = 35280.
PROPERTIES
OF HCF AND LCM
·
The HCF of two or more numbers is smaller than or
equal to the smallest of those numbers.
· The LCM of two or more numbers is greater than or equal to the largest of those numbers
· If numbers N1, N2, N3, N4 etc. give remainders R1, R2, R3, R4, respectively, when divided by the same number P, then P is the HCF of (N1 - R1), (N2 - R2), (N3 - R3), (N4 - R4) etc.
· If the HCF of numbers N1, N2, N3 ... is H, then N1, N2, N3... can be written as multiples of H (Hx, Hy, Hz.. ). Since the HCF divides all the numbers, every number will be a multiple of the HCF.
· If the HCF of two numbers N1 and N2 is H, then, the numbers (N1 + N2) and (N1 - N2) are also divisible by H. Let N1 = Hx and N2 = Hy, since the numbers will be multiples of H. Then, N1 + N2 = Hx + Hy = H(x + y), and N1 - N2 = Hx - Hy = H(x - y). Hence both the sum and differences of the two numbers are divisible by the HCF.
· If numbers N1, N2, N3, N4 etc. give an equal remainder when divided by the same number P, then P is a factor of (N1 - N2), (N2 - N3), (N3 - N4)...
· If L is the LCM of N1, N2, N3, N4.. all the multiples of L are divisible by these numbers.
· If a number P always leaves a remainder R when divided by the numbers N1, N2, N3, N4 etc., then P = LCM (or a multiple of LCM) of N1, N2, N3, N4.. + R.
· The LCM of two or more numbers is greater than or equal to the largest of those numbers
· If numbers N1, N2, N3, N4 etc. give remainders R1, R2, R3, R4, respectively, when divided by the same number P, then P is the HCF of (N1 - R1), (N2 - R2), (N3 - R3), (N4 - R4) etc.
· If the HCF of numbers N1, N2, N3 ... is H, then N1, N2, N3... can be written as multiples of H (Hx, Hy, Hz.. ). Since the HCF divides all the numbers, every number will be a multiple of the HCF.
· If the HCF of two numbers N1 and N2 is H, then, the numbers (N1 + N2) and (N1 - N2) are also divisible by H. Let N1 = Hx and N2 = Hy, since the numbers will be multiples of H. Then, N1 + N2 = Hx + Hy = H(x + y), and N1 - N2 = Hx - Hy = H(x - y). Hence both the sum and differences of the two numbers are divisible by the HCF.
· If numbers N1, N2, N3, N4 etc. give an equal remainder when divided by the same number P, then P is a factor of (N1 - N2), (N2 - N3), (N3 - N4)...
· If L is the LCM of N1, N2, N3, N4.. all the multiples of L are divisible by these numbers.
· If a number P always leaves a remainder R when divided by the numbers N1, N2, N3, N4 etc., then P = LCM (or a multiple of LCM) of N1, N2, N3, N4.. + R.
SOLVED PROBLEMS ON LCM
Find the
highest four-digit number that is divisible by each of the numbers 24, 36, 45
and 60.
Answer: 24 = 23 × 3, 36 = 22 × 32, 45 = 32 × 5 and 60 = 23 × 32 × 5.
Hence, the LCM of 24, 36, 45 and 60 = 23 × 32 × 5 = 360.
The highest four-digit number is 9999. 9999 when divided by 360 gives the remainder 279. Hence, the number (9999 – 279 = 3720) will be divisible by 360.
Answer: 24 = 23 × 3, 36 = 22 × 32, 45 = 32 × 5 and 60 = 23 × 32 × 5.
Hence, the LCM of 24, 36, 45 and 60 = 23 × 32 × 5 = 360.
The highest four-digit number is 9999. 9999 when divided by 360 gives the remainder 279. Hence, the number (9999 – 279 = 3720) will be divisible by 360.
Hence the highest four-digit
number divisible by 24, 36, 45 and 60 = 3720.
Find the
highest number less than 1800 that is divisible by each of the numbers 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 and 7.
Answer: The LCM of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
and 7 is 420. Hence 420, and every multiple of 420, is divisible by each of
these numbers. Hence, the number 420, 840, 1260, and 1680 are all divisible by
each of these numbers. We can see that 1680 is the highest number less than
1800 which is multiple of 420.
Hence, the highest number divisible by each one of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, and less than 1800 is 1680.
Hence, the highest number divisible by each one of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, and less than 1800 is 1680.
Find the
lowest number which gives a remainder of 5 when divided by any of the numbers
6, 7, and 8.
Answer: The LCM of 6, 7 and 8 is
168. Hence, 168 is divisible by 6, 7 and 8. Therefore, 168 + 5 = 173 will give
a remainder of 5 when divided by these numbers.
What is
the smallest number which when divided by 9, 18, 24 leaves a remainder of 5, 14
and 20 respectively?
Answer: The common difference
between the divisor and the remainder is 4 (9 - 5 = 4,
18 - 14 = 4, 24 - 20 = 4).
Now the LCM of 9, 18, and 24 is 72.
Now 72 - 4 = 72 - 9 + 5 = 72
- 18 + 14 = 72 - 24 + 20.
Therefore, if we subtract 4 from 72, the resulting number will give remainders
of 5, 14, and 20 with 9, 18, and 24.
Hence, the number = 72 - 4 = 68.
A
number
when divided by 3, 4, 5, and 6 always leaves a remainder of 2, but
leaves no remainder when divided by 7. What is the lowest such number
possible?
Answer: the LCM of 3, 4, 5 and 6
is 60. Therefore, the number is of the form 60k + 2, i.e. 62, 122, 182, 242
etc. We can see that 182 is divisible by 7. Therefore, the lowest such number
possible = 182.
Courtesy:Totalgadha
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