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IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR SEBI GR A 2020 EXAM STUDY MATERIAL                                                                                       FINANCIAL MARKET The 4 Basic Types of Derivatives TYPE 1: FORWARD CONTRACTS Forward contracts are the simplest form of derivatives that are available today. Also, they are the oldest form of derivatives. A forward contract is nothing but an agreement to sell something at a future date. The price at which this transaction will take place is decided in the present. However, a forward contract takes place between two counterparties. This means that the exchange is not an intermediary to these transactions. Hence, there is an increase chance of counterparty credit risk. Also, before the internet age, finding an interested counterparty w...

IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR SEBI GR A  2020 EXAM STUDY MATERIAL                                                                                              Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy Definition of Fiscal Policy When the government of a country employs its tax revenue and expenditure policies to influence the overall demand and supply for commodities and services in the nation’s economy is known as Fiscal Policy. It is a strategy used by the government to maintain the equilibrium between government receipts through various sources and spending over different projects. The fiscal policy of a country is announced by the finance minister through budget every year. If the revenue exceeds expenditure, then this situation is known as fiscal surplus, whereas ...

IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR SEBI GR A 2020 EXAM STUDY MATERIAL                                                                                             MANAGEMENT Principles of Risk Management Various organizations have laid down principles for risk management. There are risk management principles by International standardization Organization and by Project Management Body of Knowledge. The Project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) has laid down 12 principles. This article carries an amalgamation of both PMBOK and ISO principles. The various principles are: 1. Organizational Context: Every organization is affected to varying degrees by various factors in its environment (Political, Social, Legal, and Technological, Societal etc). For example, an organization...

IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR SEBI GR A 2020 EXAM STUDY MATERIAL  COSTING Basics of Cost Control and Analysis Budget and Budgetary Control Budget Budget represents the objectives of any organization that is based on the implication of forecast and related to planned activities. Budget is neither an estimate nor a forecast because an estimation is a predetermination of future events, may be based on simple guess or any scientific principles. Similarly, a forecast may be an anticipation of events during a specified period of time. A forecast may be for a specific activity of the company. We normally forecast likely events such as sales, production, or any other activity of the organization. On the other hand, budget relates to planned policy and program of the organization under planed conditions. It represents the action according to a situation which may or may not take place. Budgeting Budgeting represents the formation of the budget with the help and coordination of all or the various depa...

IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR SEBI GR A 2020 EXAM     STUDY MATERIAL                                                                                COMMERCE & ACCOUNTS RATIO ANALYSIS Ratio Analysis and its Applications Ratio analysis is a medium to understand the financial weakness and soundness of an organization. Keeping in mind the objective of analysis, the analyst has to select appropriate data to calculate appropriate ratios. Interpretation depends upon the caliber of the analyst. Ratio analysis is useful in many ways to different concerned parties according to their respective requirements. Ratio analysis can be used in the following ways: To know the financial      strength and weakness of an organization. To measure operative      efficiency o...